But its most familiar and popular expression occurs in a 1675 letter by Isaac Newton: "if I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants." Early references Middle Ages Īn unknown attribution to Bernard of Chartres from John of Salisbury in 1159, John wrote in his Metalogicon: "Bernard of Chartres used to compare us to dwarfs perched on the shoulders of giants. This concept has been dated to the 12th century and, according to John of Salisbury, is attributed to Bernard of Chartres. It is a metaphor of dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants ( Latin: nani gigantum humeris insidentes) and expresses the meaning of "discovering truth by building on previous discoveries". The phrase " standing on the shoulders of giants" is a metaphor which means "using the understanding gained by major thinkers who have gone before in order to make intellectual progress". In Greek mythology, the blind giant Orion carried his servant Cedalion on his shoulders to see for him. We discuss her history, some of her recent work, as well as what she has in the pipeline for the future.For other uses, see Standing on the shoulders of giants (disambiguation) and On the Shoulders of Giants. Joni’s work in ecocriticism and the environmental humanities stretches back to the field’s early days. Our guest hopefully needs no introduction for many of you: we’re joined by Joni Adamson, Professor of English and Environmental Humanities, and Director of the Environmental Humanities Initiative, Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, Arizona State University. We are very thrilled to share this month’s episode with everyone.
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